Trombose séptica do seio cavernoso associada à infecção odontogênica: relato de caso / Septic Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis Associated to Odontogenic Infection: Case Report / Trombosis séptica del seno cavernoso asociada a infección odontogénica: reporte de un caso

Introdução: A Trombose Séptica do Seio Cavernoso é uma condição rara, de difícil diagnóstico e seu tratamento deve ser incisivo e assertivo. Mais frequentemente a etiologia da trombose é a extensão de processos infecciosos no terço médio da face, como sinusites dos seios paranasais. Objetivo: Esse trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um relato de caso clínico de um paciente de 26 anos acometido por trombose séptica do seio cavernoso odontogênica. Relato de caso: O paciente foi submetido a duas drenagens cirúrgicas dos sítios infectados, assim como remoção das causas (dois molares superiores), seguidas de antibioticoretapia endovenosa e controles imaginológico e laboratorial. Conclusão: O diagnóstico precoce e etiologicamente correto seguido de um tratamento clínico e cirúrgico emergente e incisivo são fundamentais na resolução favorável da trombose séptica do seio cavernoso e na diminuição de suas sequelas... (AU)

Introduction: Septic Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis is a rare condition, hard to diagnose and its treatment must be incisive and assertive. More often the etiology of thrombosis is the extension of infectious processes in the middle third of the face, such as sinusitis of the paranasal sinuses. Objectives: This paper aims to present a case report of a 26-year-old patient with odontogenic Cavernous Sinus Septic Thrombosis. Case Report: The patient underwent two surgical drainage of the infected sites, as well as removal of the causes (two maxillary molars), followed by intravenous antibiotic therapy and imaging and laboratory controls. Conclusion: Early and etiologically correct diagnosis followed by an emergent and incisive clinical and surgical treatment are fundamental in the favorable resolution of septic cavernous sinus thrombosis and in the reduction of its sequelae... (AU)

Introducción: La Trombosis del Seno Cavernoso Séptico es una condición rara, difícil de diagnosticar y su tratamiento debe ser incisivo y asertivo. Más a menudo, la etiología de la trombosis es la extensión de procesos infecciosos en el tercio medio de la cara, como la sinusitis de los senos paranasales. Objetivos: El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar el reporte de un caso de un paciente de 26 años con Trombosis Séptica del Seno Cavernoso odontogénica. Reporte de caso: El paciente fue sometido a dos drenajes quirúrgicos de los sitios infectados, así como a la extirpación de las causas (dos molares maxilares), seguido de antibioticoterapia endovenosa y controles de imagen y laboratorio. Conclusión: El diagnóstico precoz y etiologicamente correcto seguido de un tratamiento clínico y quirúrgico emergente e incisivo son fundamentales en la resolución favorable de la trombosis del seno cavernoso séptico y en la reducción de sus secuelas... (AU)

Síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt, uma oftalmoplegia dolorosa / Tolosa Hunt Syndrome, a painful ophthalmoplegia

Resumo A síndrome de Tolosa-Hunt (STH) é uma doença rara caracterizada por oftalmoplegia dolorosa unilateral de início súbito causada por uma inflamação granulomatosa inespecífica no seio cavernoso ou fissura orbital superior (ou ambos). A oftalmoparesia ocorre quando os nervos cranianos III, IV e VI são acometidos pela inflamação. Disfunções pupilares podem estar presentes e está relacionado com acometimento das fibras simpáticas que passam pelo seio cavernoso na porção da artéria carótida interna ou fibras parassimpáticas ao redor do nervo oculomotor. O acometimento do primeiro ramo do trigêmeo pode provocar parestesia território correspondente à distribuição desde ramo (testa). Raramente, pode haver extensão da inflamação para além do seio cavernoso ou fissura orbital superior podendo acometer também o nervo óptico. Há uma boa resposta com o uso de corticoides e pode haver remissões espontâneas. Recidivas ocorrem em 40% dos casos. A doença é mais comum após a segunda década de vida. Afeta ambos os gêneros de forma igualitária. O presente estudo trata-se de um relato de caso de um paciente que se apresentou com oftalmoplegia dolorosa de início súbito à direita com 4 dias de evolução seguido de amaurose ipslateral após um dia do início da dor.

Abstract Tolosa-Hunt syndrome (STH) is a rare disease characterized by sudden onset unilateral painful ophthalmoplegia caused by non-specific granulomatous inflammation in the cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure (or both). Ophthalmoparesis occurs when the cranial nerves III, IV and VI are affected by inflammation. Pupillary dysfunctions may be present and is related to involvement of the sympathetic fibers that pass through the cavernous sinus in the portion of the internal carotid artery or parasympathetic fibers around the oculomotor nerve. The involvement of the first branch of the trigeminal can cause paresthesia corresponding to the distribution from the first branch (forehead). Rarely, there may be extension of inflammation beyond the cavernous sinus or superior orbital fissure and may also affect the optic nerve. There is a good response with the use of corticosteroids and there may be spontaneous remissions. Relapses occur in 40% of cases. The disease is most common after the second decade of life. It affects both genders equally. The present study is a case report of a patient who presented with painful ophthalmoplegia of sudden onset on the right with 4 days of evolution followed by ipsilateral amaurosis after one day of onset of pain.

Meningioma de nervio óptico y seno cavernoso: Reporte de caso / Optic nerve and cavernous sinus meningiomas: case report

Los meningiomas de nervio óptico y de seno cavernoso son patologías poco frecuentes, y hasta el momento no ha habido ningún reporte de que se presenten ambos en un mismo paciente. Cabe resaltar que cuando llega un paciente a consulta diagnosticado con alguna patología, asumimos que este diagnóstico es adecuado y pertinente. Pero en nuestro caso, el paciente presentó signos y síntomas de etiología desconocida que hicieron que se re-evaluarán los diagnósticos oftalmológicos que traía la paciente, encontrando que había sido tratada por un diagnóstico que no le correspondía y a su vez este hallazgo nos ayudó a encontrar la verdadera causa(AU)

Optic nerve and cavernous sinus meningiomas are uncommon pathologies, and so far there have not been previously reported to occur in the same patient. It should be emphasized that when a patient arrives at a doctor's office diagnosed with pathology, we assume that this diagnosis is appropriate and pertinent. But in our case, the patient presented signs and symptoms of unknown etiology that led to a re-evaluation of the previous ophthalmological diagnoses that the patient brought, finding that she had been treated for a diagnosis that did not match with all her clinical sign and symptoms and this helped us to find the real cause(AU)

Pituitary macroadenoma: analysis of intercarotid artery distance compared to controls / Macroadenoma de hipófise: análise da distância intercarotídea comparada a controles

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the intercarotid distance (ICD) of patients with pituitary macroadenoma and compare to heatlhy controls. Method We retrospectively reviewed contrast-enhanced MRI images from twenty consecutive patients diagnosed with non-functioning pituitary macroadenoma, measured the ICD at two different levels (petrous segment – ICD1 and horizontal cavernous segment – ICD2) and compared to twenty paired controls. Results There was no statistically significant difference of the mean ICD1 between the groups and subgroups. For the ICD2 there was statistically significant difference between the case and controls. However, there was no significant difference between the patients with smaller adenomas and the controls. In contrast, the patients with giant adenomas showed statistically significantly higher ICD2 than the controls. Conclusion The ICD at the horizontal segment of the cavernous carotid tends to be wider in patients with giant pituitary adenomas than in healthy individuals or patients with smaller adenomas.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a distância intercarotídea (DIC) de pacientes com macroadenoma de hipófise e comparar com controles saudáveis. Método Foram analisados retrospectivamente imagens de ressonância magnética com contraste de vinte pacientes consecutivos com diagnóstico de macroadenoma hipofisário não-funcionante, medidas as DIC em dois níveis diferentes (segmento petroso – DIC1 e segmento cavernoso horizontal – DIC2) e comparados com vinte controles pareados. Resultados Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa da DIC1 média entre os grupos e subgrupos. Para a DIC2 houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os casos e controles. No entanto, não houve diferença significativa entre os doentes com adenomas menores e os controles. Entretanto, os pacientes com adenomas gigantes tiveram estatisticamente significativamente DIC2 que os controlos. Conclusão A DIC no segmento horizontal da carótida cavernoso, tende a ser mais larga em doentes com adenomas hipofisários gigantes do que em indivíduos saudáveis ou de pacientes com adenomas menores.

Endoscope-Assisted Microsurgical Removal of an Epidermoid Tumor within the Cavernous Sinus

Epidermoid tumor of the cavernous sinus is rare. The aim of this case report is to discuss the role of neuroendoscopes in the removal of such lesions. A 21-year-old man presented with 6-year history of progressive headache, diplopia, and visual disturbance. Work-up revealed an epidermoid tumor located in the right cavernous sinus. An extradural transcavernous approach was utilized via a traditional frontotemporal craniotomy with endoscopic assistance. The postoperative course was uneventful with immediate improvement of the patient's headache. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated complete removal of the tumor. There were no signs of recurrence during a 2-year follow-up period. The endoscope is a useful tool for removing epidermoid tumors from the cavernous sinus and enhances visualization of areas that would otherwise be difficult to visualize with microscopes alone. Endoscopes also help minimize the retraction of neurovascular structures.

Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins thrombosis with cavernous sinus meningioma

Ophthalmic vein thrombosis is an extremely rare entity. We present a case of middle-aged female who presented with proptosis. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed cavernous sinus meningioma with ipsilateral superior and inferior vein thrombosis. A brief review of the vascular involvement of the meningioma and ophthalmic vein thrombosis is presented along with the case

Horner's Syndrome with Abducens Nerve Palsy

A 68-year-old male patient presented with a week of sudden diplopia. He had been diagnosed with nasopharyngeal cancer 8 months prior and had undergone chemotherapy with radiotherapy. Eight-prism diopter right esotropia in the primary position and a remarkable limitation in abduction in his right eye were observed. Other pupillary disorders and lid drooping were not found. After three weeks, the marginal reflex distance 1 was 3 mm in the right eye and 5 mm in the left eye. The pupil diameter was 2.5 mm in the right eye, and 3 mm in the left eye under room illumination. Under darkened conditions, the pupil diameter was 3.5 mm in the right eye, and 5 mm in the left eye. After topical application of 0.5% apraclonidine, improvement in the right ptosis and reversal pupillary dilatation were observed. On brain magnetic resonance imaging, enhanced lesions on the right cavernous sinus, both sphenoidal sinuses, and skull base suggested the invasion of nasopharyngeal cancer. Lesions on the cavernous sinus need to be considered in cases of abducens nerve palsy and ipsilateral Horner's syndrome.

Giant cavernous hemangioma of the cavernous sinus: case report and review of literature

The incidence of cavernous sinuses cavernous hemangiomas is 2 percent of all cavernous malformations. These lesions are well circumscribed benign neoplasm, that are confined to the dural layer of the venous sinus. These lesions are difficult to accurately diagnose them presurgically and the surgical treatment is also difficult. Nevertheless with the new imagining diagnosis technologies and with advancement in microneurosurgical techniques, neurosurgeons can treat these lesions with more confidence. In this article we want to report a case of a 24 year woman who presented to our institution with galactorrea as the only clinical presentation. This patient was investigated and was found to have a giant lesion in the right middle fossa. She was taken to surgery with the suspicion of a giant meningioma but this surgery was aborted when we found that the lesion did not correspond to a meningioma. The patient was followed for 4 years and the galactorrea was treated and she was stable, but then she presented with severe headache and deterioration in her consciousness. She was treated in another institution where she was taken to surgery and a partial resection was performed, the surgery was aborted because the patient presented massive bleeding. we want to present this case that is dealing with an infrequent lesion of a very delicate localization of the skull base. We also want to emphasize in having this differential diagnosis when dealing with lesions in this area. We also want to warn and recommend that if a neurosurgeon stumble into one of these lesions in surgery we recommend to back off and plan better the surgical management. Planning adequately the surgical procedure improve the prognosis in these patients We will present this case and review the literature concerning these rare lesions.

La incidencia de los hemangiomas cavernosos del seno cavernoso es del 2 por ciento de todas las malformaciones cavernosas. Estas lesiones son neoplasias benignas bien diferenciadas, que se encuentran confinadas en la capa dural de los senos venosos. Estas lesiones son difíciles de diagnosticar de manera segura en las etapas prequirugicas y su tratamiento es difícil. Sin embargo con las nuevas tecnologías de imágenes diagnosticas y los avances en la microneurocirugía, los neurocirujanos podemos tratar estas malformaciones de manera más segura. En este artículo queremos reportar un caso de una mujer de 24 años quien consulto a nuestra institución por galactorrea. Esta paciente fue investigada y se le diagnostico una lesión gigante de la fosa media derecha. Se llevo a cirugía bajo la sospecha que presentaba un meningioma gigante pero esta cirugía se aborto cuando se encontró que la lesión se trataba de una patología distinta. La paciente siguió en controles por 4 años donde se mantuvo estable con mejoría de la galactorrea con manejo medico, pero luego comenzó a presentar cefalea severa asociada a deterioro de la conciencia. La paciente fue tratada en otra institución donde fue llevada a cirugía en la cual una resección parcial se le realiza a la paciente. Esta cirugía se aborto por un sangrado excesivo. Queremos presentar este caso que trata de una lesión infrecuente en un sitio de alto riesgo quirúrgico de la base del cráneo. Enfatizamos en tener esta patología entre lo diagnósticos diferenciales de las lesiones de esta localización. Además, recomendar que en caso que uno se encuentre con una de estas lesiones en cirugía, recomendamos que finalice la cirugía en ese momento y que planee un manejo quirúrgico enfocado para esta patología en un nuevo tiempo quirúrgico. Un adecuado planeamiento del procedimiento quirúrgico mejora el pronóstico en estos enfermos. En este artículo queremos reportar un caso y revisar la literatura que concierne estas lesiones raras...

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma presenting with cavernous sinus involvement, trigeminal neuralgia and middle ear effusion

We reported and analyzed an unusual case of NPC [Nasopharyngeal carcinoma] where the patient had initial clinical features of cavernous sinus involvement followed by trigeminal neuralgia and middle ear dysfunction. In the present case, the initial involvement of the cavernous sinus resulted in the left sided third nerve involvement. Later on, the extension of the tumor in and around the trigeminal ganglion resulted in facial pain. Up to that point in time, a possibility of cavernous sinus lesion was considered and this caused a delay in the diagnosis. In accordance with the literature, this case illustrates that the tumor is difficult to diagnose during the early stages for multiple reasons, including: the non-specificity of the initial symptoms and the difficulty of examining the postnasal space

Mucormicose rino-órbito-cerebral associada com trombose do seio cavernoso: relato de caso / Rhino-orbitocerebral mucormycosis associated with cavernous sinus thrombosis: case report

Introdução: A Mucormicose é uma infecção oportunista rara causada por fungos da ordem dos Mucorales, sendo o Rhizopus o gênero mais comum (70% dos casos). Esta é uma infecção fúngica invasiva aguda que pode apresentar-se na forma disseminada, cutânea, pulmonar, gastrointestinal e rino-órbito-cerebral (forma mais comum). Nesta última, as queixas mais comuns são de rinorréia unilateral, febre e cefaléia. Quando há envolvimento orbitário as queixas podem ser de quemose, diplopia e diminuição da acuidade visual. A infecção pode disseminar-se para o Sistema Nervoso Central através do ápice orbitário, da placa cribiforme ou causar trombose em artérias que irrigam o Sistema Nervoso Central. A Mucormicose é uma emergência médica e o tratamento consiste na cirurgia para debridamento agressivo e no uso de antifúngicos sistêmicos. Mesmo com a terapêutica adequada à taxa de mortalidade chega a até 40% dos casos. Uma possível complicação intracraniana da Mucormicose é a Trombose de Seio Cavernoso que é uma infecção rara e com alta taxa de mortalidade. Na Trombose de Seio Cavernoso as queixas iniciais são de cefaléia, dor retro-orbital, edema periorbitário, proptose, diplopia e diminuição da acuidade visual. Relato do Caso: Nós relatamos o caso de uma paciente com 43 anos de idade com antecedentes de diabetes mellitus e uso drogas imunossupressoras para transplante renal, que desenvolveu quadro de Rinossinusite Bacteriana Aguda e Rinossinusite Fúngica Invasiva Aguda associada à Trombose de Seio Cavernoso.

Introduction: Mucormycosis is a rare opportunistic infection caused by Mucorales fungi, and the Rhizopus is the most common one (70% of the cases). It is an acute invasive fungal disease whose form is disseminated, cutaneous, pulmonary, gastrointestinal and rhino-orbitocerebral. The latter is the most common form and its symptoms comprise of unilateral sinusitis, fever and headache. Once established in the orbit the symptoms can be chemosis, diplopia and reduced vision. The infection can spread to the brain via the orbital apex, orbital arteries or via the cribriform plate. Mucormycosis is a medical emergency and the treatment consists of a surgery to an aggressive debridement and in the use of antifungal therapy. Despite the appropriate management, the mortality rate can reach 40% of the cases. One possible intracranial complication of Mucormycosis is the Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis which is a rare and fatal infective disease. The initial symptoms of Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis are headache, retro-orbital pain, periorbital edema, proptosis, diplopia and reduced vision. Case Report: We describe the case of 43-year-old woman with medical history of diabetes mellitus and use of immunosuppressant drugs after kidney transplantation. The patient developed Acute Bacterial Sinusitis and Rhino-orbitocerebral Mucormycosis associated with Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Metastasis to the Cavernous Sinus of Skull Base Causing Ptosis / 대한소화기학회지

The cavernous sinus of skull base is a extremely rare metastastatic site for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A 51-year-old man was diagnosed with HCC by liver biopsy and palliative radiotherapy on HCC including main portal vein was performed. One month later, he was admitted due to sudden onset ptosis. Neurologic findings were normal except for abnormal movement of right eye, and it raised the possibility of abnormality in the right occulomotor, trochlear and the abducens nerves. Contrast-enhanced CT scan of brain showed a mass with homogeneous enhancement involving the right cavernous sinus. T2-weighted axial MR images demonstrated a homogeneous mass with intermediate signal intensity, and contrast-enhanced axial T1-weighted MR images demonstrated a mass with homogeneous enhancement in the right cavernous sinus. We describe a case of HCC metastasis to the cavernous sinus with symptoms of ptosis and disturbance of right eyeball movement.

Parapharyngeal [corrected] salivary duct carcinoma involving the cavernous sinus.

Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is a relatively uncommon malignant tumor of the salivary gland derived from the excretory duct reserve cells of the salivary glands. The authors report a case of SDC in a 34-year-old man who presented with trismus and left sided headache, radiologically by a left parapharyngeal mass involving into the left cavernous sinus and histologically by intraductal growth pattern with a cribriform appearance and comedonecrosis. Perineural invasion of the mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve is demonstrated. Clinical and pathologic features with relevant literatures are reviewed.

Inflamação idiopática da órbita com extensão extra-orbital: relato de caso / Idiopathic orbital inflammation with extraorbital extension: case report

Relato de caso de uma paciente com inflamação idiopática da órbita com extensão extra-orbital. Foi realizada biópsia para confirmar o diagnóstico e a tomografia computadorizada demonstrou o comprometimento extra-orbital do processo inflamatório. O tratamento foi feito com metotrexato e radioterapia.

The authors report a case of a patient with idiopathic orbital inflammation with extension beyond the orbit. Biopsy was performed to confirm the diagnosis of idiopathic orbital inflammation and computed tomography demonstrated the extraorbital extension. Treatment with methotrexate and radiotherapy was used.

Congenital Cavernous Sinus Cystic Teratoma

Teratomas represent 0.5% of all intracranial tumors. These benign tumors contain tissue representative of the three germinal layers. Most teratomas are midline tumors located predominantly in the sellar and pineal regions. The presence of a teratoma in the cavernous sinus is very rare. Congenital teratomas are also rare, especially those of a cystic nature. To our knowledge, this would be the first case report of a congenital, rapidly growing cystic teratoma within the cavernous sinus. A three-month-old boy presented with a past medical history of easy irritability and poor oral intake. A magnetic resonance image (MRI) scan of the head disclosed a large expanding cystic tumor filling the right cavernous sinus and extending into the pterygopalatine fossa through the foramen rotundum. These scans also demonstrated a small area of mixed signal intensity, the result of the different tissue types conforming to the tumor. Heterogeneous enhancement was seen after the infusion of contrast medium. However, this was a cystic tumor with a large cystic portion. Thus, a presumptive diagnosis of cystic glioma was made. With the use of a right frontotemporal approach, extradural dissection of the tumor was performed. The lesion entirely occupied the cavernous sinus, medially displacing the Gasserian ganglion and trigeminal branches (predominantly V1 and V2). The lesion was composed of different tissues, including fat, muscle and mature, brain-like tissue. The tumor was completely removed, and the pathological report confirmed the diagnosis of a mature teratoma. There was no evidence of recurrence. Despite the location of the lesion in the cavernous sinus, total removal can be achieved with the use of standard microsurgical techniques.

MRI findings of the cavernous sinus metastasis with inferior extension mimicking a nasopharyngeal carcinoma with cavernous sinus invasion.

The authors report the MRI findings in a patient with cavernous sinus metastasis with inferior extension to the nasopharynx, mimicking imaging findings of the advanced nasopharyngeal cancer with the skull base, and intracranial extension. Findings of denervative atrophy of the masticator muscles and obstruction of the Eustachian tube resulting in fluid retention of mastoid air cells are seen in both processes.

Magnetic resonance imaging of cavernous sinus invasion by pituitary adenoma: diagnostic criteria and surgical findings

Este estudo utilizou exames de RM para definir critérios pré-operatórios de imagem para invasão do seio cavernoso (ISC) em adenomas hipofisários (AH). As imagens de RM de 103 pacientes com AH tratados cirurgicamente (48 com ISC) foram revisadas retrospectivamente. Os seguintes sinais de RM foram estudados e comparados aos achados intraoperatórios (considerados o padrão-ouro para invasão do seio cavernoso): presença de glândula hipofisária normal interposta entre o adenoma e o SC, situação dos compartimentos venosos do SC, tamanho do SC, abaulamento da parede lateral do SC, deslocamento da artéria carótida interna (ACI) intracavernosa pelo adenoma, grau de extensão paraselar (classificação de Knosp-Steiner) e porcentagem de envolvimento da ACI intracavernosa pelo tumor. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando o teste de qui-quadrado e a sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) foram obtidos para cada critério de imagem. Os seguintes sinais representaram critérios precisos de ausência de invasão do SC: 1- presença de glândula hipofisária normal interposta (VPP de 100%); 2-compartimento venoso medial visível (VPP de 100%); 3-porcentagem de envolvimento da ACI intracavernosa inferior a 25% (VPN de 100%); 4-não cruzamento da linha intercarotídea medial pelo tumor (VPN de 100%). Os critérios definidos para invasão do SC foram: 1-porcentagem de envolvimento da ACI intracavernosa maior que 45%; 2-não visualização de 3 ou mais compartimentos venosos do SC; 3-não visualização do compartimento venoso lateral do SC. A presença de invasão do SC era muito sugestiva quando o compartimento venoso inferior não era visível (VPP de 92,8%), a linha intercarotídea lateral era cruzada (VPP de 96,1%) ou quando a parede lateral do seio cavernoso estava abaulada (VPP de 92,3%). O diagnóstico pré-operatório de ISC por adenomas hipofisários é extremamente importante, pois a remissão endócrina é raramente obtida em pacientes com tumores invasivos tratados apenas por microcirurgia. Os critérios de imagem acima mencionados podem ser úteis para alertar a maioria dos pacientes no pré-operatório da necessidade potencial de tratamento complementar adjuvante após a cirurgia.

Avaliação dos critérios de invasão do seio cavernoso nas imagens de ressonância magnética de adenomas hipofisários: utilização da regressão logística na análise estatística e correlação dos exames com os achados cirúrgicos / Evaluation of cavernous sinus invasion criteria in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of pituitary adenomas: utilization of the logistic regression in the statistical analysis and correlation of the images with of the surgical findings

Para definir critérios de invasão do seio cavernoso em imagens de ressonância magnética de adenomas hipofisários, os autores revisaram os exames de 103 pacientes tratados cirurgicamente e compararam 8 sinais de imagem com os achados cirúrgicos. Na análise estatística utilizou-se a regressão logística para o cálculo das “odds ratio” dos critérios. A invasão do seio cavernoso era certa quando a porcentagem de envolvimento carotídeo era > 45 por cento / To define preoperative MRI criteria of cavernous sinus invasion by pituitary adenoma, the author reviewed the MR images of 103 patients treated surgically and 8 groups of signs were compared with the surgical findings. Statistical analysis was performed using a qui-square test and the odds ratio of the criteria was obtained by logistic regression. Invasion of the cavernous sinus was certain when the percentage of encasement of the intracavernous carotid artery (ICA) was >45 per cent,,,

Anatomia microcirúrgica do seio cavernoso: contribuição ao estudo da parede medial do seio cavernoso / Microsurgical anatomy of the cavernous sinus: contribution to the study of the medial wall of the cavernous sinus

Este estudo foi realizado para detalhar a anatomia microcirúrgica do seio cavernoso e esclarecer os limites, relações e componentes da parede medial do seio cavernoso. Métodos: Setenta e quatro seios cavernosos foram dissecados, sendo quarenta e quatro para estudar e identificar a parede medial do seio cavernoso e trinta para estudar a anatomia microcirúrgica do seio cavernoso. Exemplos cirúrgicos foram mostrados para ilustrar os diferentes tipos de acessos cirúrgicos à região do seio cavernoso. Utilizou-se aumento de 4 a 24 vezes, mediante uso de microscópio cirúrgico, para realizações das dissecções. / This study was conducted to detail microsurgical anatomy of the cavernous sinus and clarify the boundaries, relationships and components of the medial wall of the cavernous sinus (CS). Methods: Seventy four CS were dissected. Forty four CS were dissected to identify and clarify the medial wall of the CS and thirty CS were dissected to describe microsurgical anatomy of the CS. Illustrative clinical cases were exposed to show different accesses to the CS region. Dissections were performed under surgical microscope and 4X to 24X of magnification were used...